Scintillating crystals are selected for high structural perfection, high density and high effective atomic number.
2.
The 1s electron of Iron ( the closest one to the nucleus ) sees an effective atomic number ( number of protons ) of 25.
3.
The effective atomic number is important for predicting how photons interact with a substance, as certain types of photon interactions depend on the atomic number.
4.
The effective atomic number for electron interactions may be calculated with a similar approach; see for instance Taylor " et al . " 2009 and Taylor 2011.
5.
Gadolinium oxysulfide is a promising luminescent host material, because of its high density ( 7.32 g / cm 3 ) and high effective atomic number of Gd.
6.
Because the two 1s electrons screen the protons to give an effective atomic number for the 2s electron close to 1, we can treat this 2s valence electron with a hydrogenic model.
7.
The 4s electrons in Iron, which are furthest from the nucleus, feel an effective atomic number of only 5.43 because of the 25 electrons in between it and the nucleus screening the charge.
8.
As such, for polyenergetic photon sources ( in particular, for applications such as radiotherapy ), the effective atomic number varies significantly with energy ( Taylor " et al . " 2008 ).
9.
Effective atomic numbers are useful not only in understanding why electrons further from the nucleus are so much more weakly bound than those closer to the nucleus, but also because they can tell us when to use simplified methods of calculating other properties and interactions.
10.
Mathematically, the effective atomic number Z eff can be calculated using methods known as " self-consistent field " calculations, but in simplified situations is just taken as the atomic number minus the number of electrons between the nucleus and the electron being considered.
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